![]() With new copyright laws in place, American authors and publishers could see financial success both domestically and abroad. Congress to adopt the International Copyright Act of 1891, which protected American authors’ copyright abroad and foreign authors’ copyright in the U.S. When American authors and their publishers began to see international success, they pressured U.S. Novelists and poets like Mark Twain, Edgar Allen Poe, and Louisa May Alcott were legitimizing American literature beyond its British roots. was discovering and nurturing its own set of star authors. Authors like Charles Dickens and the Brontë sisters received no compensation for their works sold in the U.S.īut during that same century, the U.S. The country was overrun with illegal reproductions of British titles for which the U.S. But before this growth could happen, a few things had to come first to prime the market for books.įor most of the nineteenth century, the American book trade had a bad international reputation. This is when the United States developed its own thriving book industry of internationally recognized authors. The period between 1920 to 1940 is known as the Golden Age of publishing. What did growth look like for the early American book trade? Keep reading to find out how an industry criticized for its elitism and snobbery got over itself to increase access to books and expand readership. As the market for potential readers within a literate middle class grew, book publishers who were traditionally resistant to the free market started to apply their artistic creativity to the promotion of their books. Just as the expansion of the internet necessitated search engines for content discovery, the early expansion of the American book trade necessitated book publishers for the acquisition, development, and positioning of books in different genres. More books meant more competition for readers’ attention, which led to publishers’ specialization in finding an audience without the added expense of maintaining a printer.Īn early steam-powered printing press. In the nineteenth century, as literacy rates rose and cheaper production methods spread, printer-publishers produced more books. While it remains to be seen how much longer printed books will exist alongside whatever the metaverse ends up being, Lindy’s Law-the longer something has existed, the more likely it is to have a longer remaining life expectancy-suggests that books will be around for many years to come.īook publishers have existed since the early printer-publishers of European religious texts in the fifteenth century, but the United States is where the marketing and sales of books flourished. Printed books have survived the invention of the radio, television, video games, the internet, social media, and virtual reality. For centuries, books and their authors were the world’s primary gatekeepers of religious and scholarly thought among European colonizers. For the overall length of the shirt, start by holding one end of the tape from the shoulder seam or just right beside the neckline and pull down to the bottom of the hem.Since the invention of the Gutenberg press in 1440s Germany, books have housed our stories, knowledge, and culture. Next, if you’re particular about sleeve length, then you can measure that by holding one end of the tape from the shoulder seam to the end of the sleeve. Make sure you’re not holding your breath in while measuring-again, you’ll want to stand the way you normally do so your shirt won’t be tight around the stomach area and comfortable for daily movement. For those who wear a bra, it’s best to wear it while measuring your chest, so you can take that added layer into account.Īfter that, measure the waist at the narrowest point. Make sure the tape is not too tight, as you want to ensure the fit will allow you to move freely and comfortably throughout the day. Relax your shoulders then take your tape around the broadest part of your chest area. Take your measuring tape in between the two seams where the sleeves would normally begin. To begin, start by measuring your shoulder width. You can do all these on your own body, or by measuring a shirt that you currently own and love on a flat surface. The best way to find your size is by measuring using a tape and writing down each measurement so you can check against the sizing chart.
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